Non-occupational risk factors of urinary bladder cancer in Faisalabad and Lahore, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the non-occupational risk factors of the urinary bladder cancer in Faisalabad, Pakistan. METHOD Several risk factors related to urinary bladder cancer--smoking, gender, residential area, fluid consumption, family history of cancer, use of tea and coffee--were examined. For the retrospective study, 149 subjects, 20 women and 129 men, were interviewed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explain the risk factors of the disease. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) of odds ratios were computed using the logistic regression model. RESULTS The significant odds ratios for moderate lifestyle, education, smoking and fluid consumption were: (OR: 0.103, 95% CI: 0.037-0.290), (OR: 0.193, 95% CI: 0.058-0.638), (OR: 13.129, 95% CI: 4.215-40.9) and (OR: 0.116, 95% CI: 0.040-0.333), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that smoking increases the chances of an individual getting the disease. Protective agents include a moderate lifestyle, awareness and the use of 10 or more glasses of water per day.